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Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) was an international animal rights campaign to close down Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), Europe's largest contract animal-testing laboratory. SHAC ended its campaign in August 2014. HLS tests medical and non-medical substances on around 75,000 animals every year, from rats to primates.〔〔("New bill clamps down on animal activist activity" ), ''Drug Researcher'', 17 November 2006.〕〔 *("From push to shove" ) Southern Poverty Law Center, Fall 2002.〕〔Townsend, Mark. ("Exposed: secrets of the animal organ lab" ), ''The Observer'', 20 April 2003.〕 It has been the subject of several major leaks or undercover investigations by activists and reporters since 1989.〔 SHAC was started in November 1999 by three British animal rights activists — Greg Avery, Heather James, and Natasha Dellemagne — after video footage supposed to have been shot covertly inside HLS in 1997 by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) showed HLS staff shaking, punching, and shouting at beagles in their care.〔Alleyne, Richard. ("Terror tactics that brought a company to its knees" ), ''The Daily Telegraph'', 19 January 2001. *Also see ("It's a Dog's Life" ), ''Countryside Undercover'', Channel Four Television, 1997.〕 The footage was broadcast by Channel 4 in the UK, the employees were dismissed and prosecuted, and HLS's licence to perform animal experiments was revoked for six months. PETA stopped its protests against the company after HLS threatened it with legal action, and SHAC took over as a leaderless resistance.〔Doward, Jamie and Townsend, Mark. ("Beauty and the beasts" ), ''The Observer'', 1 August 2004.〕 The campaign used tactics ranging from non-violent protest to the alleged firebombing of houses owned by executives associated with HLS's clients and investors. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which monitors US domestic extremism, has described SHAC's ''modus operandi'' as "frankly terroristic tactics similar to those of anti-abortion extremists," and in 2005 an official with the FBI's counter-terrorism division referred to SHAC's activities in the United States as domestic terrorist threats.〔("From push to shove" ), Southern Poverty Law Group ''Intelligence Report'', Fall 2002〕〔Lewis, John E. ("Statement of John Lewis" ), US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 26 October 2005, accessed 17 January 2011.〕 In 2009 and 2010, 13 members of SHAC, including Avery, James, and Dellemagne, were jailed for between 15 months and eleven years on charges of conspiracy to blackmail or harm HLS and its suppliers.〔Evers, Marco. ("Resisting the Animal Avengers", Part 1 ), (Part 2 ), ''Der Spiegel'', 19 November 2007. 〕〔 On 12 August 2014, SHAC officially announced it was closing its campaign.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=SHAC ends )〕 ==Background== HLS tests household cleaners, pesticides, weedkillers, cosmetics, food additives, chemicals for use in industry, and drugs for use against Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and cancer.〔("A controversial laboratory" ), BBC News, 18 January 2001.〕 It uses around 75,000 animals every year, including rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs, and primates (marmosets, macaques, and wild-caught baboons).〔("From push to shove" ) Southern Poverty Law Group ''Intelligence Report'', Fall 2002. *Townsend, Mark. ("Exposed: secrets of the animal organ lab" ), ''The Observer'', 20 April 2003.〕 The company has been the subject of several undercover investigations since 1989. Sarah Kite of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) secured a job and filmed inside HLS in 1989. Zoe Broughton did the same for Channel Four in 1996, as Michelle Rokke claimed to have done for PETA in 1997. Lucy Johnston for ''The Daily Express'' gained access in 2000. A diary kept by Kite, who worked undercover there for eight months, alleged that HLS workers routinely mishandled the animals, shouting at them, throwing them into their cages, and mocking them for having fits in response to toxicity tests. In 1997, Zoe Broughton came out with footage showing puppies being hit and shaken. A year later, Michelle Rokke allegedly obtained footage of the vivisection of a monkey in HLS in New Jersey, in which a technician expresses concern that the animal is inadequately anaesthetized.〔("The First Investigation" ); ("It's a Dog's Life" ) (Zoe Broughton for Channel Four in 1996); ("HLS busted again" ) (Michelle Rokke for PETA in 1997); and Johnstone, Lucy and Calvert, Jonathan. ("Terrible despair of animals cut up in name of research" ) (Lucy Johnston for ''The Daily Express'' in 2000). *Also see Mann, Keith. ''From Dusk 'til Dawn: An insider's view of the growth of the Animal Liberation Movement''. Puppy Pincher Press, 2007, pp. 198–199. *("Undercover video footage of HLS employees apparently dissecting a live monkey" ), filmed at the HLS Princeton Research Center, New Jersey, accessed 20 June 2009. 〕 Between 2006 and 2008, an Animal Defenders International employee filmed undercover inside HLS after securing a position inside its primate toxicology unit in Cambridgeshire.〔("Huntingdon Life Sciences Investigation" ), Animal Defenders International, 15 July 2009, accessed 17 January 2011. *("HLS Infiltrated by Undercover Investigation" ), indybay.org, accessed 17 January 2011. *Also see ("Save the Primates" ), Animal Defenders International, shown at the European Parliament in February 2009, courtesy of ''YouTube'', accessed 17 January 2011.〕 According to Mark Matfield of the Research Defence Society, a pro-animal testing lobby group in the UK, HLS lost a great deal of business after these investigations, primarily among the pharmaceutical industry. "There was an ingrained feeling among scientists and business people that this company had transgressed in a very serious way," he said.〔Rudacille, Deborah. ''The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The Conflict between Animal Research and Animal Protection''. University of California Press, 2001, p. 286.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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